Abstract Previous studies have shown that the threat level posed by a predator can vary with physical features. In this study. we tested whether the wing posture of a raptor could serve as a clue for bird threat assessment. We observed the behavioral response of Japanese tits Parus minor to taxidermy dummies Eurasian sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus with either spread wings and closed wings. https://www.petsafewirelessfence.com/product-category/finish-mop-heads/